April 2016
Intermediate to advanced
538 pages
20h 50m
English
Content preview from Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
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418 ◾ Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: Current Status and Future Trends
An acoustic channel has low bandwidth [11] and large propagation latency. e speed of sound
in water is about 5 orders of magnitude lower than the speed of light. An acoustic data transmis-
sion consumes more energy than does a terrestrial microwave data transmission. Moreover, high
latency makes the whole network vulnerable to congestion due to packet collisions.
In deep water, the attenuation and loss of a signal can be expressed as [11]
A d f
d
d
a f
k
d d
( , ) ( )=
−
r
r
(15.3)
where f is the signal frequency and d is the transmission distance, taken in reference to some d
r
.
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