the Italian ECA. See §11.5.7
ISDA International Swap and Deriv-
atives Association, which produces
standard form documentation for in-
terest rate swaps. See §9.2.1
Islamic financing Finance without
payment of interest. See §11.6.11;
§13.13.3
ITN Invitation to Negotiate. See RFP.
ITT Invitation to Tender. See RFP.
JBIC Japan Bank for International
Co-operation, which provides ex-
port credits and untied financing.
See §11.5.4
JEXIM ExportImport Bank of Ja-
pan, now superseded by JBIC.
KfW Kreditanstalt für Wiederauf-
bau, which provides CIRR funding
for German exports and untied fi-
nancing. See §11.5.6
L/C Letters of credit, a form of pay-
ment guarantee issued by a bank.
LDs Liquidated damages, i.e., the
agreed level of loss when a party
does not perform under a contract.
See §6.1.7; §7.1.8
Lead Manager(s) Bank(s) arranging
and underwriting the debt. See
§5.1.1; §5.1.4
lease A form of debt in which the
equipment being financed is owned
by the lessor. See §3.4; 13.13.4
lenders Banks or bond investors. See
Chapters 3 and 5
lenders’ advisers External advisers
employed by the lenders. See §5.4
Lenders’ Engineer An engineering
firm advising the lenders. See §5.4.2
lessee The obligor under a lease (i.e.,
the Project Company). See §3.4
lessor The provider of finance under
Glossary and Abbreviations 337
a lease (equivalent to a lender). See
§3.4; §13.13.4
leverage The debt:equity ratio. See
§13.1
LIBOR London interbank offered
rate, one of the leading floating in-
terest rates. See §9.2
limited-recourse Finance with lim-
ited guarantees from the Sponsors.
See §8.12
LLCR Loan Life Cover Ratio, the
ratio of the NPV of operating cash
flow during the remaining term of
the debt and the debt principal
amount. See §12.9.2
LNG Liquefied natural gas.
lock-up ratio See dividend stop
ratio.
LOI Letter of Intent, heads of terms
for a Project Agreement or other
Project Contract.
MAC clause Material adverse
change clause(s) in the financing
documentation that give the lenders
discretion to refuse to allow further
drawings or to require repayment of
the debt followings a material ad-
verse change in the project. See
§13.8; §13.11
macroeconomic risks Project fi-
nance risks related to inflation, in-
terest rates, or currency exchange
rates. See Chapter 9; §12.3
maintenance bond See warranties.
Maintenance Reserve Account A
Reserve Account that builds up a
cash balance sufficient to cover the
major maintenance of the project.
See §8.7.5; §13.5.2
Maître d’Oeuvre See Independent
Checker.

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