Programming Perl, 4th Edition

Overloadable Operators

You can only overload certain operators, which are shown in Table 13-1. The operators are also listed in the %overload::ops hash made available when you use overload, though the categorization is a little different there.

Table 13-1. Overloadable operators

Category	Operators
Conversion	"" 0+ bool qr
Arithmetic	+ – * / % ** x . neg
Logical	!
Bitwise	& | ~ ^ ! << >>
Assignment	+= –= *= /= %= **= x= .= <<= >>= ++ ––
Comparison	== < <= > >= != <=> lt le gt ge eq ne cmp
Mathematical	atan2 cos sin exp abs log sqrt int
Iterative	<>
Filetest	–X
Dereference	${} @{} %{} &{} *{}
Matching	~~
Pseudo	nomethod fallback =

Note that neg, bool, nomethod, and fallback are not actual Perl operators. The five dereferencers, qr, "", and 0+ probably don’t seem like operators either. Nevertheless, they are all valid keys for the parameter list you provide to use overload. This is not really a problem. We’ll let you in on a little secret: it’s a bit of a fib to say that the overload pragma overloads operators. It overloads the underlying operations, whether invoked explicitly via their “official” operators or implicitly via some related operator. (The pseudo-operators we mentioned can only be invoked implicitly.) In other words, overloading happens not at the syntactic level, but at the semantic level. The point is not to look good. The point is to do the right thing. Feel free to generalize.

Note also that = does not overload Perl’s assignment operator as you might expect. That would ...