Python in a Nutshell

String Formatting

In Python, a string-formatting expression has the syntax:

               format % values

where format is a plain or Unicode string containing format specifiers and values is any single object or a collection of objects in a tuple or dictionary. Python’s string-formatting operator has roughly the same set of features as the C language’s printf and operates in a similar way. Each format specifier is a substring of format that starts with a percent sign (%) and ends with one of the conversion characters shown in Table 9-1.

Table 9-1. String-formatting conversion characters

Character	Output format	Notes
d, i	Signed decimal integer	Value must be number
u	Unsigned decimal integer	Value must be number
o	Unsigned octal integer	Value must be number
x	Unsigned hexadecimal integer (lowercase letters)	Value must be number
X	Unsigned hexadecimal integer (uppercase letters)	Value must be number
e	Floating-point value in exponential form (lowercase e for exponent)	Value must be number
E	Floating-point value in exponential form (uppercase E for exponent)	Value must be number
f, F	Floating-point value in decimal form	Value must be number
g, G	Like e or E when exp is greater than 4 or less than the precision; otherwise like f or F	exp is the exponent of the number being converted
c	Single character	Value can be integer or single-character string
r	String	Converts any value with repr
s	String	Converts any value with str
%	Literal % character