
MULTI-STAGE AMPLIFIERS 91
Multi-stage amplifiers
When designing multi-stage amplifiers, it is important to ensure that stages
are stabilized adequately by providing a.c. and d.c. negative feedback over
several stages. A simple d.c. coupled two-stage amplifier is shown in
Figure 4.31. TR
X
operates in common-emitter mode while TR
2
operates
as an emitter follower. Base bias for TR
X
is derived from the emitter of
the second stage and this helps promote good stability. The voltage gain
is proportional to the ratio
R
3
/R
2
',
the values shown producing a voltage
gain of approximately 40. Where it is necessary to alter the gain it is
possible to chang ...