6Analysis of FACTS Controllers and their Transient Modelling Techniques
Kalyan K. Sen
6.1 Introduction
Electrical energy is transported from the generating stations to the points of use through interconnected transmission lines as shown in Figure 6.1. The flow of electricity takes place freely through the path of least impedance. This natural or uncompensated flow of electricity is, in general, not economically optimal and may cause certain transmission lines to be overloaded or underloaded. The flow of electricity in a particular line of a transmission system can be controlled with the use of a power flow controller (PFC), as shown in Figure 6.2 [1, 2].
Figure 6.1 Part of a large interconnected transmission system supplying electric power from the generating point to the loads.
The transmission of power in a single line with a sending-end voltage, Vs (of magnitude, Vs, and angle, δs), and a receiving-end voltage, Vr (of magnitude, Vr, and angle, δr), connected by a line reactance (X) and the related phasor diagrams are shown in Figure 6.3. Ignoring the line resistance, the natural voltage, VXn (i.e. Vs − Vr), across the line reactance (X) is the difference between the sending- and receiving-end voltages. The resulting ...
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