Protection systems are a critical part of the power system and their behaviour is an important aspect of the power system response to a transient event. A detailed model of a protection system is complex and will usually consist of three major parts: instrument transformers, protective relays and circuit breakers – see Figure 11.1 [1–7]. The instrument transformers lower the power system voltages to safe working levels. The protective relays receive information about the operating conditions of the high-voltage power system via the instrument transformers. The relays make decisions whether the power system is in a healthy state or an unhealthy state. In the latter case, the relays send signals to circuit breakers which will interrupt the large currents.
Figure 11.1 Scheme of a protection system for implementation in a digital simulation tool.
Actual power systems and their protection systems operate in a closed-loop manner. The power system influences the protection system through the instrument transformers. The protection system can modify the topology of the power system by opening and closing circuit breakers. Modern software tools allow users to represent a closed-loop interaction, which is an accurate approach to analysing the performance of the power system under transient conditions [8–12].
Early modelling ...
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