book

Databases Illuminated, 4th Edition

Name: Databases Illuminated, 4th Edition
ISBN: 9781284231595

by Catherine M. Ricardo, Susan D. Urban, Karen C. Davis

March 2022

Intermediate to advanced

682 pages

22h 58m

English

Jones & Bartlett Learning

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Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
About the Author
Acronyms Used in This Book
1 Introductory Database Concepts
1.1 Uses of Databases

1.2 A Sample Database
1.3 The Integrated Database Environment
1.4 Roles in the Integrated Database Environment
1.5 Advantages of the Integrated Database Approach
1.6 Historical Developments in Information Systems
1.6.1 Developments in Storage Media1.6.2 Database Models
1.7 Big Data
1.8 Chapter Summary
Exercises
2 Database Planning and Database Architecture
2.1 Data as a Resource
2.2 Characteristics of Data
2.2.1 Data and Information2.2.2 Levels of Discussing Data2.2.3 Data Sublanguages
2.3 Stages in Database Design
2.4 Design Tools
2.4.1 Data Dictionary2.4.2 Diagramming Tools2.4.3 CASE Packages
2.5 Functions of the Database Administrator
2.5.1 Planning and Design2.5.2 Developing the Database2.5.3 Database Management
2.6 The Three-Level Database Architecture
2.6.1 External Views2.6.2 Logical Model2.6.3 Internal Model2.6.4 Physical Level2.6.5 Record Retrieval2.6.6 Data Independence
2.7 Overview of Data Models
2.7.1 The Entity-Relationship Model2.7.2 Relational and Other Record-Based Models2.7.3 Object-Oriented Model2.7.4 Object-Relational Model2.7.5 Data Warehouse Models2.7.6 Semistructured Data Models2.7.7 Big Data and NoSQL Models
2.8 Chapter Summary
Exercises
3 The Entity-Relationship Model
3.1 Purpose of the Entity-Relationship (ER) Model
3.2 Entities
3.3 Attributes
3.3.1 Domains3.3.2 Null Values3.3.3 Multivalued Attributes3.3.4 Composite Attributes3.3.5 Derived Attributes
3.4 Keys
3.4.1 Superkeys3.4.2 Candidate Keys3.4.3 Primary Keys
3.5 Relationships
3.5.1 Degree of Relationships3.5.2 Attributes of Relationship Sets3.5.3 Cardinality of a Relationship3.5.4 Showing Cardinalities in an ER Diagram3.5.5 Participation Constraints3.5.6 Using (min,max) Notation for Cardinality and Participation
3.6 Roles
3.7 Existence Dependency and Weak Entities
3.8 Sample ER Diagrams
3.9 The Extended Entity-Relationship Model
3.10 Generalization and Specialization
3.10.1 Specialization3.10.2 Generalization3.10.3 Generalization Constraints3.10.4 Multiple Hierarchies and Inheritance
3.11 Union
3.12 Sample EER Diagrams
3.13 Chapter Summary
Exercises
4 The Relational Model
4.1 Advantages of the Relational Model
4.2 Relational Data Structures
4.2.1 Tables4.2.2 Mathematical Relations4.2.3 Database Relations and Tables4.2.4 Properties of Relations4.2.5 Degree and Cardinality4.2.6 Relation Keys
4.3 Integrity Constraints
4.4 Representing Relational Database Schemas
4.5 Relational Data Manipulation Languages
4.5.1 Categories of DMLs4.5.2 Relational Algebra
4.6 Views
4.7 Mapping an ER Model to a Relational Schema
4.8 Mapping an EER Model to a Relational Schema
4.8.1 Summary of ER to Relational Mapping Concepts4.8.2 Mapping EER Set Hierarchies to Relational Tables4.8.3 Mapping Unions4.8.4 EER to Relational Mapping Example
4.9 Forward and Reverse Engineering: ER and Relational Models
4.10 Chapter Summary
Exercises
5 Relational Database Management Systems and SQL
5.1 Brief History of SQL in Relational Database Systems
5.2 Architecture of a Relational Database Management System
5.3 Defining the Database: SQL Data Definition Language (DDL)
5.3.1 Create Database, Create Schema5.3.2 Create Table5.3.3 Create Index5.3.4 Alter Table, Rename Table5.3.5 Drop Statements5.3.6 Additional SQL DDL Example
5.4 Manipulating the Database: SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML)
5.4.1 Introduction to the Select Statement5.4.2 Select Using Multiple Tables5.4.3 Select with Aggregate Functions5.4.4 Select With Group By5.4.5 Select with Pattern Strings5.4.6 Operators For Updating: Update, Insert, Delete
5.5 Creating and Using Views
5.6 The System Catalog
5.7 Chapter Summary
Exercises
6 Normalization and Denormalization
6.1 Objectives of Normalization
6.2 Insertion, Update, and Deletion Anomalies
6.3 Functional Dependency
6.4 Superkeys, Candidate Keys, and Primary Keys
6.5 Normalization Using Candidate Keys
6.5.1 First Normal Form6.5.2 Full Functional Dependency and Second Normal Form6.5.3 Transitive Dependency and Third Normal Form6.5.4 Boyce-Codd Normal Form6.5.5 Comprehensive Example of Functional Dependencies
6.6 Properties of Relational Decompositions
6.6.1 Attribute Preservation6.6.2 Dependency Preservation6.6.3 Lossless Decomposition6.6.4 Decomposition Algorithm for Boyce-Codd Normal Form with Lossless Join
6.7 Higher Normal Forms
6.8 The Normalization Process
6.8.1 Analysis6.8.2 Synthesis6.8.3 Normalization from an Entity-Relationship Diagram
6.9 When to Stop Normalizing
6.10 Non-normalized Databases
6.11 Chapter Summary
Exercises
7 Advanced SQL
7.1 Introduction to Advanced SQL Features
7.2 Additional SQL Functions
7.2.1 Numeric Single-Row Functions7.2.2 Character Single-Row Functions7.2.3 Date and Time Functions
7.3 Sequences
7.4 Temporal Databases and SQL
7.4.1 User Valid Time7.4.2 Transaction Time
7.5 SQL Programming
7.5.1 SQL Persistent Stored Modules (PSMs)7.5.2 Embedded SQL7.5.3 Application Programming Interfaces (APIs)7.5.4 Dynamic SQL
7.6 Using COMMIT and ROLLBACK Statements
7.7 Active Databases
7.7.1 Enabling and Disabling Constraints7.7.2 SQL Triggers
7.8 Global and Private Temporary Tables
7.9 Java Database Connectivity (JDBC)
7.9.1 Developing a JDBC Application7.9.2 The Statement Object7.9.3 The PreparedStatement Object7.9.4 The CallableStatement Object7.9.5 Updating the Database7.9.6 Querying Metadata
7.10 Chapter Summary
Exercises
8 Introduction to Database Security
8.1 Issues in Database Security
8.1.1 Accidental Security Threats8.1.2 Deliberate Security Threats
8.2 Fundamentals of Access Control
8.2.1 Physical Security8.2.2 Information System Access Control
8.3 Database Access Control
8.4 Using Views for Access Control
8.5 Security Logs and Audit Trails
8.6 Encryption
8.6.1 Symmetric Key Encryption8.6.2 Public-Key Encryption
8.7 Data De-identification
8.8 SQL Data Control Language (DCL)
8.9 Security in Oracle
8.9.1 Security Features8.9.2 Oracle Security Tools8.9.3 Administrative Accounts8.9.4 User Privileges8.9.5 Creating and Managing User Accounts
8.10 Statistical Database Security
8.11 SQL Injection
8.11.1 SQL Vulnerability8.11.2 Further Examples of SQL Injection8.11.3 Mitigation of SQL Injection
8.12 Database Security and the Internet
8.12.1 Proxy Servers8.12.2 Firewalls8.12.3 Digital Signatures8.12.4 Certification Authorities
8.13 Chapter Summary
Exercises
9 Object-Based Models
9.1 Rationale for the Object-Oriented Data Model
9.2 Object-Oriented Data Concepts
9.2.1 Objects and Literals9.2.2 Classes9.2.3 Class Hierarchies and Inheritance9.2.4 Object Identity
9.3 Object-Oriented Data Modeling Using UML
9.4 The ODMG Model and Object Definition Language (ODL)
9.4.1 Class Declarations9.4.2 Extent9.4.3 Attributes9.4.4 Relationships9.4.5 Methods9.4.6 Classes and Inheritance9.4.7 N-ary Relationships and M:N Relationships with Attributes9.4.8 Keys
9.5 Object Query Language (OQL)
9.6 Developing an OO Database Application
9.6.1 Overview of InterSystems Iris9.6.2 Schema Definition in Iris
9.7 Extending the Relational Model
9.7.1 Large Object Data Types9.7.2 Structured Types9.7.3 UDTs9.7.4 Reference Types9.7.5 Type Hierarchies in Standard SQL9.7.6 Type Hierarchies in Oracle9.7.7 Nested Tables in Oracle9.7.8 Oracle Object Views
9.8 Converting a UML Diagram to an Object-Relational Database Model
9.9 Converting an EER Diagram to an Object-Relational Database Model
9.10 Chapter Summary
Exercises
10 Relational Query Optimization
10.1 Query Processing and Query Optimization
10.2 Logical Query Optimization
10.2.1 The Query Tree10.2.2 An SQL Query and Its Relational Algebra Translation10.2.3 Performing SELECT Operations Early10.2.4 Evaluating Conjunctive Conditions10.2.5 Performing PROJECT Early10.2.6 Equivalence of Algebraic Operations10.2.7 Heuristics for Query Optimization
10.3 Physical Query Optimization
10.3.1 Cost Factors10.3.2 Cost of Processing Selects10.3.3 Processing Joins10.3.4 Processing Other Operations Projection10.3.5 Adaptive Query Optimization10.3.6 Pipelining
10.4 Query Optimization in Oracle
10.5 Chapter Summary
Exercises
11 Transaction Management
11.1 ACID Properties of Transactions
11.2 Need for Concurrency Control
11.2.1 The Lost Update Problem11.2.2 The Uncommitted Update Problem11.2.3 The Problem of Inconsistent Analysis
11.3 Serializability
11.4 Locking
11.4.1 Deadlock and Starvation11.4.2 Two-Phase Locking Protocol11.4.3 Levels of Locking
11.5 Timestamping
11.5.1 Basic Timestamping Protocol11.5.2 Thomas’s Write Rule11.5.3 Multiversion Timestamping
11.6 Optimistic Techniques
11.7 Need for Recovery
11.8 Recovery Techniques
11.8.1 Deferred Update Protocol11.8.2 Checkpoints11.8.3 Immediate Update Protocol11.8.4 Shadow Paging11.8.5 Overview of the ARIES Recovery Algorithm
11.9 Transaction Management in Oracle
11.9.1 Transaction Limits11.9.2 Isolation Levels11.9.3 Types of Locks11.9.4 Recovery Management
11.10 Chapter Summary
Exercises
12 Distributed Databases
12.1 Rationale for Distribution
12.2 Architectures for a Distributed System
12.2.1 Distributed Processing Using a Centralized Database12.2.2 Client-Server Systems12.2.3 Parallel Databases12.2.4 Distributed Databases12.2.5 Peer-to-Peer Data Management Systems12.2.6 Cloud Database Systems
12.3 Components of a Distributed Database System
12.4 Data Placement
12.5 Transparency
12.6 Transaction Control for Distributed Databases
12.6.1 Concurrency Control12.6.2 Recovery
12.7 Distributed Query Processing
12.7.1 Steps in Distributed Query Processing12.7.2 The Semijoin Operation
12.8 Blockchain Technology
12.8.1 Blockchain Architecture and Functionality12.8.2 Blockchain Benefits and Future Directions
12.9 Chapter Summary
Exercises
13 Semistructured Data
13.1 Data and the Internet
13.2 A Semistructured Data Model
13.3 JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)
13.4 Extensible Markup Language (XML)
13.4.1 Standalone XML Documents13.4.2 Document Type Definition (DTD)13.4.3 XML Schema Definition (XSD)13.4.4 XML Data Manipulation13.4.5 XML Parsers
13.5 JSON and XML in Relational Databases
13.6 Oracle Implementation of Semistructured Data
13.6.1 JSON in Oracle13.6.2 XML DB13.6.3 Oracle XML Developer Kits
13.7 Chapter Summary
Exercises
14 Big Data and NoSQL
14.1 Big Data
14.2 Distributed File Systems and Parallel Programming Paradigms
14.2.1 Hadoop Distributed File System14.2.2 MapReduce14.2.3 Spark14.2.4 Hive and HiveQL
14.3 NoSQL
14.3.1 Defining NoSQL Technology14.3.2 NoSQL Systems
14.4 A Document Database System: MongoDB
14.5 A Graph Database System: Neo4j
14.6 Chapter Summary
Exercises
15 Data Warehouses
15.1 Origins of Data Warehousing
15.2 Operational Databases and Data Warehouses
15.3 Components of a Data Warehouse
15.4 Data Warehouse 3-Level Architecture
15.5 Data Lakes
15.6 Developing a Data Warehouse
15.6.1 Top-Down Method15.6.2 Bottom-Up Method15.6.3 Data Vault Method
15.7 Data Models for Data Warehouses
15.7.1 Star Schema and Snowflake Schema15.7.2 Data Cubes and Hypercubes15.7.3 Semistructured Data15.7.4 Column Stores
15.8 Data Warehouse Administration
15.9 Views and View Materialization
15.10 Data Analytics
15.10.1 Techniques for ROLAP15.10.2 Basic Data Cube Operations15.10.3 SQL Analytic Functions
15.11 Data Mining
15.11.1 Purpose of Data Mining15.11.2 Types of Knowledge Discovered15.11.3 Models and Methods Used15.11.4 Applications of Data Mining
15.12 Chapter Summary
Exercises
16 Social, Ethical, and Legal Issues
16.1 Computerization and Society
16.2 Ethical Issues in Information Technology
16.2.1 A Framework for Ethical Decision Making16.2.2 Ethical Standards for Computing Professionals
16.3 Databases and Privacy Issues
16.3.1 Privacy and Security16.3.2 Privacy as a Human Right16.3.3 Privacy Legislation in the United States16.3.4 Privacy Legislation in the European Union16.3.5 Privacy Legislation in Other Countries
16.4 Intellectual Property
16.4.1 Definition of Intellectual Property16.4.2 Legal Protections for Intellectual Property16.4.3 Intellectual Property Protection for Software
16.5 Chapter Summary
Exercises
Index

Content preview from Databases Illuminated, 4th Edition

An abstract graphic consisting of small, medium, and large cubes.

Preface

About the Authors

Acronyms Used in This Book

1 Introductory Database Concepts

1.1 Uses of Databases

1.2 A Sample Database

1.3 The Integrated Database Environment

1.4 Roles in the Integrated Database Environment

1.5 Advantages of the Integrated Database Approach

1.6 Historical Developments in Information Systems

1.6.1 Developments in Storage Media

1.6.2 Database Models

1.7 Big Data

1.8 Chapter Summary

2 Database Planning and Database Architecture

2.1 Data as a Resource

2.2 Characteristics of Data

2.2.1 Data and Information

2.2.2 Levels of Discussing Data

2.2.3 Data Sublanguages ...

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ISBN: 9781284231595

Cloud Computing

Data Engineering

Data Science

AI & ML

Programming Languages

Software Architecture

IT/Ops

Security

Design

Business

Soft Skills

Databases Illuminated, 4th Edition

by Catherine M. Ricardo, Susan D. Urban, Karen C. Davis

CONTENTS

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