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Spinel LiMn2O4-Based Positive Electrode Materials
Yuyang Hou, Shiyong Zhao, Yuping Wu, and Teunis van Ree
Natural resources should always be considered when practical large-scale production is envisaged. Originally, the positive electrode material used in most commercial lithium-ion batteries was lithium cobalt oxide. It is well known that the natural reserves of Co all over the world are limited. The consumption of Co in the lithium-ion battery industry is not decreasing. Using the manufacture in Japan as an example, one AAA-size lithium-ion battery requires 10 g Co2O3. On the other hand, Co is the most expensive element, followed by Ni and Mn. If lithium manganese oxide can be used as a positive electrode material, the cost of lithium-ion ...
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