book

Lithium-Ion Batteries

Name: Lithium-Ion Batteries
Author: Yuping Wu
ISBN: 9781498760065

by Yuping Wu

April 2015

Intermediate to advanced

582 pages

18h 44m

English

CRC Press

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Series Preface
Preface
Editor
Contributors
Chapter 1 - Introduction
1.1 History of Batteries1.2 Some Battery Terminology1.3 Principle of Lithium-Ion Batteries1.4 Some Requirements for Materials of Lithium-Ion Batteries1.4.1 Requirements for Positive Electrode Materials1.4.2 Requirements for Negative Electrode Materials1.4.3 Requirements for Electrolytes1.4.3.1 Requirements for Liquid Electrolytes1.4.3.2 Requirements for All-Solid Electrolytes1.4.3.3 Requirements for Gel Polymer Electrolytes1.5 Some Characteristics of Lithium-Ion Batteries1.6 About This BookReferences
Chapter 2 - LiCoO2-Based Positive Electrode Material
2.1 Structure of LiCoO22.2 Preparation Methods for LiCoO22.3 Performance of LiCoO22.4 Modification of LiCoO22.4.1 Doping on LiCoO22.4.2 Coating on LiCoO22.5 Manufacturing Equipment for LiCoO2References
Chapter 3 - LiNiO2-Based Positive Electrode Materials
3.1 Structure of LiNiO23.2 Preparation Methods for LiNiO23.3 Performance of LiNiO23.4 Modification of LiNiO23.4.1 Doping with a Single Heteroatom3.4.2 Codoping and Multidoping with Heteroatoms3.4.3 Coating with Inert Compounds3.5 Manufacturing Equipment for LiNiO2References
Chapter 4 - Spinel LiMn2O4-Based Positive Electrode Materials
4.1 Structure of Spinel LiMn2O44.2 Preparation Methods for LiMn2O44.2.1 Solid-State Reactions4.2.2 Sol-Gel Methods4.2.3 Template Methods4.2.4 Mechanochemical Methods4.2.5 Other Methods4.3 Electrochemical Performance of LiMn2O44.4 Modification on LiMn2O44.4.1 Reduction of the Surface Area of Spinel LiMn2O44.4.2 Additives in Organic Electrolytes4.4.3 Doping with Cations4.4.4 Doping with Anions4.4.5 Doping with Two or More Heteroatoms4.4.6 Surface Treatment4.5 Manufacturing Equipment for LiMn2O4 ElectrodesReferences
Chapter 5 - LiFePO4-Based Positive Electrode Materials
5.1 Characteristics of LiFePO45.2 Structure of LiFePO45.3 Preparation Methods for LiFePO45.3.1 Solid-State Reactions5.3.2 Carbothermal Reduction Reactions5.3.3 Sol-Gel Methods5.3.4 Template Methods5.3.5 Hydrothermal Methods5.3.6 Other Methods5.4 Performance of LiFePO45.5 Modification of LiFePO45.5.1 Carbon Coating on LiFePO45.5.2 Doping of LiFePO45.5.3 Nanostructured LiFePO45.5.4 Other Modification Methods for LiFePO45.6 Manufacturing Equipment for LiFePO4References
Chapter 6 - Other Positive Electrode Materials
6.1 Lithium-Rich Layered Oxide (Li2MnO3–LiMO2)6.1.1 Structures and Charge/Discharge Mechanisms of Li2MnO3 and Li2MnO3–LiMO26.1.2 Preparation of Li2MnO3 and Li2MnO3–LiMO26.1.3 Electrochemical Performance of Li2MnO3– LiMO2 and Its Modification6.2 Phosphates6.2.1 Structure of LiMnPO46.2.2 Preparation of LiMnPO46.2.3 Electrochemical Performance of LiMnPO4 and Its Modification6.3 Silicates6.3.1 Structure, Synthesis, and Performance of Li2FeSiO46.3.1.1 Structure of Li2FeSiO46.3.1.2 Preparation of Li2FeSiO46.3.1.3 Electrochemical Performance of Li2FeSiO4 and Its Modifications6.3.2 Structure, Synthesis, and Performance of Li2MnSiO46.3.2.1 Structure of Li2MnSiO46.3.2.2 Preparation of Li2MnSiO46.3.2.3 Electrochemical Performance of Li2MnSiO4 and Its Modification6.4 Fluorosulfates6.4.1 Structures of LiFeSO4F6.4.2 Preparation of LiFeSO4F6.4.3 Electrochemical Performance of LiFeSO4F and Its Modification6.5 Borates6.5.1 LiFeBO36.5.1.1 Structure of LiFeBO36.5.1.2 Preparation of LiFeBO36.5.1.3 Electrochemical Performance of LiFeBO3 and Its Modification6.5.2 Structure, Synthesis, and Performance of LiMnBO36.5.2.1 Structure of LiMnBO36.5.2.2 Preparation of LiMnBO36.5.2.3 Electrochemical Performance of LiMnBO3 and Its Modification6.6 Titanates6.7.1 Structure of V2O56.7.2 Preparation of V2O56.7.3 Electrochemical Performance of V2O5 and Its Modification6.8 Other OxidesReferences

Chapter 7 - Negative Electrode Materials Based on Carbon
7.1 Classification and Structures of Carbon Materials7.2 Preparation Processes for Carbon Materials7.2.1 The Carbonization Process7.2.2 Graphitization Process7.2.3 Preparation of CNTs7.2.4 Preparation of Graphene7.3 Some Physical Properties of Carbon Materials7.3.1 Typical Characteristics of Carbon Materials7.3.2 Raman Spectra of the Graphite Crystal7.3.3 Surface Structure of Carbon Materials7.4 Electrochemical Performance of Graphitic Carbon Materials7.4.1 Interface between Carbon Materials and Electrolytes7.4.2 Electrochemical Performance of Graphite as Negative Electrode Material7.4.2.1 Natural Graphite as Negative Electrode Material7.4.2.2 Exfoliation of Natural Graphite7.4.2.3 Some Factors Affecting the Electrochemical Performance of Natural Graphite7.4.3 Graphitic MCMBs as a Negative Electrode Material7.4.3.1 Preparation of MCMBs7.4.3.2 Physical Properties of MCMB7.4.3.3 Electrochemical Performance of Graphitic MCMB7.4.4 Graphitic Carbon Fibers7.4.4.1 Microstructure of Carbon Fibers7.4.4.2 Electrochemical Performance of Carbon Fibers7.4.5 General Properties of Graphitic Carbons7.5.1 Pyrolytic Carbons from Small Molecules7.5.2 Polymeric Carbons7.5.2.1 Pyrolysis Process for Polymeric Carbons7.5.2.2 Properties of Polymeric Carbons7.5.3 Other Carbons Obtained by Low Heat Treatment7.5.4 General Properties of Amorphous Carbons7.5.5 Lithium Storage Mechanisms for Amorphous Carbons7.6 CNTs and Graphene as Negative Electrode Materials7.6.1 Electrochemical Performance of CNTs as Negative Electrode for Lithium-Ion Batteries7.6.2 Electrochemical Performance of Graphene as Negative Electrode for Lithium-Ion Batteries7.7.1 Introduction of Nonmetal Elements7.7.2 Introduction of Metallic Elements7.7.3 Surface Treatment7.7.3.1 Fluorination and Mild Oxidation7.7.3.2 Deposition of Metals and Metal Oxides7.7.3.3 Coating with Polymers7.7.3.4 Coating with Other Forms of Carbon7.7.3.5 Coating with Organic Compounds7.7.4 Mechanochemical Methods7.7.4.1 Effects of Mechanochemical Methods on Carbon Materials7.7.4.2 Electrochemical Performance of Carbon Materials after Mechanochemical Treatment7.7.5 Other Methods7.8 Some Primary Materials and ProductsReferences
Chapter 8 - Noncarbon Negative Electrode Materials
8.1 Titanium Oxides8.1.1 Spinel Li4Ti5O128.1.1.1 Heteroatom Doping for Li4Ti5O128.1.1.2 Coating Li4Ti5O128.1.1.3 Modification of Preparation Methods for Li4Ti5O128.1.2 TiO2 as Negative Electrode8.1.2.1 Anatase TiO28.1.2.2 Rutile TiO28.1.2.3 B-Type TiO28.2 Si-Based Materials8.2.1 Silicon and Its Composites8.2.2 Silicon-Based Alloys and Silicides8.3 Sn-Based Materials8.3.1 Tin Oxides8.3.2 Tin-Based Alloys8.3.3 Sn-Based Compounds8.4 Ge-Based Materials8.5 Sb-Based Materials8.6 Phosphides8.7 Nano-Oxides8.7.1 Vanadium Oxides8.7.2 NiO8.7.3 MoO28.7.4 Other Oxides8.8 Nitrides8.9 Other Negative Electrode MaterialsReferences
Chapter 9 - Liquid Electrolytes
9.1 Solvents for Liquid Electrolytes9.2 Lithium Salts for Liquid Electrolytes9.3 Principles of Ionic Conduction9.4 Electrochemical Properties of Some Liquid Electrolytes9.4.1 Electrochemical Window9.4.2 Reactions with the Electrodes9.4.3 PC-Based Electrolytes9.4.4 EC-Based Electrolytes9.4.5 Electrolytes with Other Solvents9.5 Processes for the Manufacture of Liquid Electrolytes9.5.1 Manufacture and Purification of Solvents9.5.1.1 Synthesis of EC9.5.1.2 Synthesis of Linear Carbonates9.5.2 Manufacturing and Purification Processes for Lithium Salts9.5.2.1 Lithium Hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6)9.5.2.2 Lithium Bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB)9.5.2.3 Lithium Difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB)9.5.2.4 Other Organic Electrolyte Salts9.5.3 Mixing Processes to Produce Liquid Electrolytes9.6 Modification of Liquid Electrolytes9.6.1 Improvement of Overcharging Endurance9.6.2 Flame Retardants9.6.3 Improvement of the SEI Film9.6.4 Reducing the HF Content9.6.5 Increasing Ionic Conductivity9.6.6 Improving Low-Temperature Performance9.7 Ionic Liquids as Electrolytes9.7.1 Classification of ILs9.7.2 Preparation of ILs9.7.3 Some Physicochemical Properties of ILs9.7.3.1 Melting Point9.7.3.2 Thermal Stability9.7.3.3 Density9.7.3.4 Viscosity9.7.3.5 Conductivity9.7.3.6 Electrochemical Window9.7.4 Electrochemical Behavior of ILs9.7.4.1 Single Cation ILs9.7.4.2 Dicationic ILs9.8 Some Electrolyte ProductsReferences
Chapter 10 - Solid Electrolytes
10.1 Inorganic Solid Electrolytes10.2 Ion Conduction in Solid Inorganic Electrolytes10.3 Oxide Glass Electrolytes10.4 Sulfide Glass Electrolytes10.5 Polymer Electrolytes10.5.1 Classification of Polymer Electrolytes10.5.2 Phase Structures of Polymer Electrolytes10.5.3 Mechanisms of Ionic Conduction in Polymer Electrolytes10.6 PEO-Based Polymer Electrolytes10.6.1 Blending with Other Polymers10.6.2 Forming Copolymers10.6.2.1 Forming Random Copolymers10.6.2.2 Forming Block Copolymers10.6.2.3 Forming Comb-Like Copolymers10.6.3 Forming Cross-Linked Polymers10.6.4 Forming Dendrimers10.6.5 Varying the Lithium Salts10.6.6 Adding Inorganic Fillers10.6.7 Increasing the Flexibility of the Main PEO Chain10.6.7.1 Introducing Polyphosphazene10.6.7.2 Adding Polysiloxanes10.7 PAN-Based Polymer Electrolytes10.8 PMMA-Based Polymer Electrolytes10.9 Single Ion Conductive Polymer Electrolytes10.10 Other Polymer Electrolytes10.10.1 Composites of Polymer Electrolytes10.10.2 Organic–Inorganic Composite Electrolytes10.10.2.1 Polymer-in-Salt Electrolytes10.10.2.2 Composite Electrolytes of Siloxane and Boroxane with Organic Compounds10.10.2.3 Composites of Organic and Inorganic Electrolytes10.10.2.4 Other Composite ElectrolytesReferences
Chapter 11 - Gelled Polymer Electrolytes
11.1 Poly(ethylene oxide)-Based Gelled Polymer Electrolytes11.1.1 Non-Cross-Linked PEO Gel Electrolytes11.1.2 Cross-Linked PEO Gel Electrolytes11.1.3 Gel Polymer Electrolytes with Nanofillers11.2 Polyacrylonitrile-Based Gelled Polymer Electrolytes11.2.1 Interaction Mechanisms in PAN-Based Gel Polymer Electrolytes11.2.2 Gel Polymer Electrolytes Based on Copolymerization of PAN11.2.3 Gel Electrolytes Based on Cross-Linked PAN11.3.1 Electrochemical Performance of PMMA-Based Gel Electrolytes11.3.2 Modification of PMMA-Based Gel Electrolytes11.4 Gel Electrolytes Based on Fluorine-Containing Polymers11.4.1 Physical Properties of F-Containing Polymers11.4.2 Preparation and Electrochemical Performance of Gel Electrolytes Based on F-Containing Polymers11.4.3 Modifications of the Gel Polymer Electrolyte Based on Fluorine-Containing Polymers11.5 Polyolefin-Based Gelled Polymer Electrolytes11.5.1 Surface Coating11.5.2 Surface Grafting11.5.3 Injecting Gel Electrolyte11.6 Other Kinds of Gelled Polymer ElectrolytesReferences
Chapter 12 - Separators
12.1 Actions of Separators12.2 Materials for Separators12.2.1 Polyethylene12.2.2 Polypropylene12.2.3 Polyimide12.3 Methods to Prepare Separators12.4 Some Parameters for Separators12.5 Effects of Separators on Lithium-Ion Batteries12.5.1 Effects on Assembly Process12.5.2 Effects on Electrochemical Performance of Lithium-Ion Batteries12.5.3 Effects on Safety of Lithium-Ion Batteries12.6 Modification of Separators12.7 Some Currently Available SeparatorsReferences
Chapter 13 - Other Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries
13.1 Electronic Conductive Agents13.2 Binders13.2.1 F-Containing Polymers as Binders13.2.2 SBR13.2.3 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose13.2.4 Polyacrylates13.2.5 Other Binders13.3 Solvents13.4 PTC Materials13.5 Current Collectors13.6 Case MaterialsReferences
Chapter 14 - Assembly Processes for Lithium-Ion Batteries
14.1 Assembly Process for Common Lithium-Ion Batteries14.1.1 Weighing14.1.2 Mixing Electrode Materials14.1.3 Coating Process14.1.4 Drying Process14.1.5 Slitting Process14.1.6 Rolling Process14.1.7 Welding Process14.1.8 Winding or Stacking Process14.1.9 Inserting Process14.1.10 Injecting Process14.1.11 Sealing Process14.1.12 Formation Process14.1.13 Ageing and Capacity Grading14.1.14 Testing14.1.14.1 Testing Electrochemical Performance14.1.14.2 Testing Safety Properties14.1.15 Marking14.2 Assembly Process of Polymer Lithium-Ion Batteries14.2.1 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane14.2.2 Sealing Process14.2.3 Formation Process14.2.4 Ageing Process14.3 Manufacturing Solid Lithium-Ion Batteries14.3.1 Preparation of Positive Electrode Film14.3.2 Preparation of Electrolyte Film14.3.3 Preparation of Negative Electrode Film14.3.4 Assembling Micro-Solid Lithium-Ion Batteries14.4 Manufacturing a Lithium-Ion Battery PackReferences
Chapter 15 - Electrochemical Performance of Lithium-Ion Batteries
15.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on LiCoO215.2 Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on LiNiO215.3 Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on LiMn2O415.4 Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on LiFePO415.7 Solid Lithium Batteries15.8 Gel Lithium-Ion Batteries15.9 Large-Capacity Lithium-Ion Batteries15.10 Micro Lithium-Ion BatteriesReferences
Chapter 16 - Applications of Lithium-Ion Batteries
16.1 Electronics16.2 Power Tools16.3 Electric Bikes16.4 Internal-Combustion Engine Cars16.5 Hybrid Electric Vehicles16.6 Electric Vehicles16.7 Military and Aerospace Uses16.7.1 Military Applications16.7.2 Aerospace Applications16.8 Microelectronics16.9 Energy Storage16.9.1 Storage of Solar and Wind Energy16.9.2 Smart Grids16.9.3 Load Leveling16.10 Other ApplicationsReferences

Content preview from Lithium-Ion Batteries

Chapter 9

Liquid Electrolytes

Bin Wang, Xiangyun Yuan, Shiyong Zhao, Yuping Wu, and Teunis van Ree

As discussed in Chapter 1, three main types of electrolytes are used in lithium-ion batteries. Liquid electrolytes are most frequently used. Since the potential of the negative electrode of lithium-ion batteries is close to that of lithium metal, the negative electrode is relatively active and unstable in aqueous solutions. Therefore, a nonaqueous, aprotic organic solvent should be used as the lithium-ion carrier. The mixture of organic solvents and lithium salts constitutes the nonaqueous liquid electrolyte, also referred to as the organic liquid electrolyte, which is an indispensable ingredient of lithium-ion batteries and an important component ...

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Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Yuping Wu

Liquid Electrolytes

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