Principles of Analog Electronics

Nature of Matter

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➜ The shells represent the arrangement of electrons in energy levels around an

atomic nucleus. Each shell is composed of one or more subshells made of a

set of electron orbitals.

➜ The octect rule is a chemical bonding theory, which assumes that atoms with

fewer then 20 electrons exhibit a tendency for their valence shells to have a

full complement of eight electrons. So atoms will lose, gain, or share elec-

trons to achieve the electron conguration of the nearest noble gas having

eight valence electrons.

➜ Electronics is based on knowledge of the physics of electrical charges and of

their motion in vacuum and in matter, under ...