
302 CHAPTER 18. PROJECT 9: MPSK AND QAM DIGITAL TRANSMITTERS
0001
0100
1101
1000
0000
1100
1001
0101
0011
0111
1111
1011
0010
0110
1110 1010
Figure 18.7: The constellation diagram associated with a 16-QAM signal.
by the noise power spectral density, E
b
/N
0
).
Alternatively, additional constellation points can be added to the I and Q plane using
a combination of both amplitude and phase modulation. This modulation technique is
called quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM or QUAM). The constellation diagram
associated with a 16-QAM signal is shown in Figure 18.7. In the 16-QAM case, it should
be clear that three distinct signal envelope levels will exist, since three ...