Key Points
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Systems of systems are systems where two or more of the constituent systems are independently managed and governed.
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Three types of complexity are important for systems of systems—technical complexity, managerial complexity, and governance complexity.
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System governance can be used as the basis for a classification scheme for SoS. This leads to three classes of SoS, namely, organizational systems, federated systems, and system coalitions.
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Reductionism as an engineering method breaks down because of the inherent complexity of systems of systems. Reductionism assumes clear system boundaries, rational decision making, and well-defined problems. None of these are true for systems of systems.
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The key stages of the SoS development ...
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