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Touchless Fingerprint Biometrics
aim to recover the three-dimensional shape of the face from two-dimensional
images [101,106]. The relevant is reviewed in [107].
Aging: The aging effect is particularly important in unconstrained recognition
systems that require long-time enrollments, such as surveillance, investigative,
and forensic applications. Different techniques for compensating for aging
have been described. Many methods simulate aging effects [108], and other
techniques use matching strategies specifically designed to be robust to age
variations [109].
Some less-constrained face recognition systems use frame sequences and mul-
tiple views to increase accuracy by evaluating the information related to temporal
continuity [110] and to three-dimensio ...