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Touchless Fingerprint Biometrics
the ridge frequency of a fingerprint image can be represented using a single value.
Other methods compute a ridge frequency map, which represents the local ridge
frequency computed in each pixel of the fingerprint image. One of the most com-
monly used algorithms in the literature for estimating the ridge frequency map is
based on computing local oriented x-signatures [168]. This algorithm divides the
image in local windows centered in every pixel with a fixed size, and the orienta-
tion is computed according to the ridge orientation map. Then, the x-signature of
every window is obtained as a vector containing a cumulative ...