May 2015
Intermediate to advanced
376 pages
5h 48m
Chinese
Content preview from 成為卓越程式設計師的38項必修法則
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228
| 第廿四章：喜歡學習的人生
學習模式
教育心理學家建立了很多非常容易理解的模型。
Dreyfus
技能獲取模式
是特別有趣的例
子，在 1980 年，由 Stuart 與 Hubert Dreyfus 在研究電腦人工智慧時提出
2
。在研究需要
非常高技術的從業人員，例如飛機駕駛員與西洋棋大師之後，他們找出五種瞭解層級：
新手
完全的新人。新手想要快點得到結果，但沒有經驗可以指引他們做法。他們會尋找
可以死記硬背的規則，但無法判斷這些規則是好的還是壞的。如果有優良的規則（或
用 Google 幸運地找到合適的資訊），新手也可以進步得很快。新手（還）
沒有
主題
相關知識。[Page-220]
進階初學
在這一個階段，你會有一些經驗可以引導學習，你可以稍微擺脫規則，並嘗試自己
的做法。但是你的觀念仍然是有限的，當你出錯時，還是會卡住。在這個階段，你
比較知道要從哪裡尋找答案（例如，你會知道最佳的 API 參考資料），但是你沒有
到達可以通盤掌握全局的地步。初學者無法把不相干的細節排除，他們會關心手上
問題的所有事情，而且每一個事情都會是重要的。初學者會快速地得到
顯性知識
（
explicit knowledge
）—一種很容易就可以寫下來並闡述的知識。
勝任
在這個階段，你具備了問題領域的心智模式；你已經具備知識基礎，準備組合它的
各個部分，並瞭解不同面向的重要性。掌握全局可以讓你著手處理未知的問題，並
計畫有條不紊的方法來解決，之後著手進行，期望規則可以讓你得到答案。此時，
你會積極尋找新的規則來擬定攻擊計畫，並開始看到這些規則的限制。 ...
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I'm always learning. So when I got on to O'Reilly, I was like a kid in a candy store. There are playlists. There are answers. There's on-demand training. It's worth its weight in gold, in terms of what it allows me to do.