September 2015
Beginner to intermediate
608 pages
13h 43m
English
One way of quantifying the strength of the relationship between two variables is their covariance. This measures the tendency of two variables to change together.
If we have two series, X and Y, their deviations from the mean are:
Where xi is the value of X at index i, yi is the value of Y at index i,
is the mean of X, and
is the mean of
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