Linux Pocket Guide, 2nd Edition

Name

ls — stdin  stdout  - file  -- opt  --help  --version

Synopsis

ls [options] [files]

The ls command (pronounced as it is spelled, ell ess) lists attributes of files and directories. You can list files in the current directory:

$ ls

in given directories:

$ ls dir1 dir2 dir3

or individually:

$ ls file1 file2 file3

The most important options are -a, -l, and -d. By default, ls hides files whose names begin with a dot, as explained in the sidebar Dot Files. The -a option displays all files.

$ ls
myfile1   myfile2
$ ls -a
.hidden_file   myfile1   myfile2

The -l option produces a long listing:

-rw-r--r--    1 smith users       149 Oct 28  2011 my.data

that includes, from left to right: the file’s permissions (-rw-r--r--), owner (smith), group (users), size (149 bytes), last modification date (Oct 28 2011) and name. See File Protections for more information on permissions.

The -d option lists information about a directory itself, rather than descending into the directory to list its files.

$ ls -ld my.dir
drwxr-xr-x    1 smith users      4096 Oct 29  2011 my.dir

Useful options

-a	List all files, including those whose names begin with a dot.
-l	Long listing, including file attributes. Add the -h option (human-readable) to print file sizes in kilobytes, megabytes, and gigabytes, instead of bytes.
-F	Decorate certain filenames with meaningful symbols, indicating their types. Appends “/” to directories, “*” to executables, “@” to symbolic links, “|” to named pipes, and “=” to sockets. These are just visual indicators ...