May 2018
Intermediate to advanced
326 pages
8h 32m
English
Content preview from Practical Network Scanning
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TCP ISN sampling
In a TCP stack sequence and acknowledgement, fields are 32 bit [4 Byte]. There are 2^32= 4,294,967,296 possibilities of generating a random number:
Between a client and a server, when a client initiates a connection it generates an initial sequence number (ISN). Every OS uses its own algorithm to generate an ISN, and this is pretty much predictable.
Windows NT 4.0 generates predictable random TCP ISN, which allows remote attackers to perform spoofing and session hijacking.
Random ISNs are good because they make it far harder to predict sequence numbers. In Windows 2003 onward, the ISN algorithm has been modified so that ISNs ...
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