book

Scientific Photography and Applied Imaging

Name: Scientific Photography and Applied Imaging
Author: Sidney Ray
ISBN: 9781136094378

by Sidney Ray

August 1999

Intermediate to advanced

559 pages

30h 44m

English

Routledge

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Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations and symbols used in text
1 Introduction
1.1 Historical development1.2 Photography as a tool1.2.1 Scientific applications1.2.2 Spectral recording1.2.3 Optical techniques1.2.4 Photomacrography and photomicroscopy1.2.5 The study of motion and flow1.2.6 PhotogrammetryReferences and further reading
2 Limits of human visual perception
2.1 Introduction2.2 Advantages of photography2.3 Photography as a toolReferences and further reading

3 Experimental design
3.1 Introduction3.2 Planning3.3 The requirements for images3.4 Units and dimensions3.5 Working practices3.6 Safety3.7 Instrumentation3.8 Records and reportsReferences and further reading
4 Light and radiation sources
4.1 Introduction4.2 Properties of a source4.2.1 Spectral output4.2.2 Colour temperature4.2.3 Directional properties4.2.4 Polarization4.2.5 Duration4.2.6 Operational factors4.3 Daylight4.4 Moonlight and starlight4.5 Tungsten filament sources4.6 Fluorescent lighting4.7 Discharge sources4.8 Luminescent sources4.9 Flash sources4.9.1 Expendable flashbulb4.9.2 Argon bomb4.9.3 Spark sources4.9.4 Electronic flash4.9.5 Stroboscope4.9.6 Microflash unit4.9.7 Flash X-ray source4.10 Laser sources4.10.1 Lasers4.10.2 Types of laser4.10.3 Applications4.11 Radiation sourcesReferences and further reading
5 Optics and lenses
5.1 Photographic optics5.1.1 Optical theory5.1.2 Optical materials5.1.3 Reflection5.1.4 Refraction5.1.5 Transmission5.1.6 Dispersion5.2 Physical optics5.2.1 Interference5.2.2 Diffraction5.2.3 Modulation transfer function5.2.4 Polarization5.3 Geometrical optics5.3.1 Simple lens5.3.2 Cardinal planes5.3.3 Focal length5.3.4 Image magnification5.3.5 Mirrors5.4 Optical calculations5.4.1 Parameters5.4.2 Equations5.4.3 Focusing movements5.4.4 Depth of field and depth of focus5.5 Photographic lenses5.6 Testing optical systems5.6.1 Introduction5.6.2 Laboratory testing5.6.3 Test target design and results5.6.4 Flare5.6.5 Image contrast5.7 Optical filtersReferences and further reading
6 Camera systems for data capture
6.1 Introduction6.2 General purpose cameras6.3 Cine cameras6.4 Video cameras6.5 Instrumentation cameras6.6 Special purpose cameras6.7 Polaroid cameras6.8 Scientific cameras6.8.1 Camera design6.8.2 The sensor array6.8.3 Other features6.9 Digital cameras6.10 Viewfinder systems6.11 Camera movements6.12 Data imprintingReferences and further reading
7 Shutter systems
7.1 Introduction7.2 Shutterless systems7.3 Electronic flash7.4 Leaf shutters7.5 Focal plane shutters7.6 Electronic shuttersReferences and further reading
8 Lighting
8.1 Introduction8.1.1 General8.1.2 Illumination8.1.3 Lighting ratio8.1.4 Shadows8.2 Estimating lighting requirements8.3 Standardized lighting8.4 Daylight8.5 Studio lighting8.6 Diffuse lighting8.7 Bright field lighting8.8 Transillumination8.9 Oblique lighting8.10 Dark field lighting8.11 Axial lighting8.12 Structured lighting8.13 Light sheets8.14 Miscellaneous techniques8.14.1 Large areas8.14.2 Light guides8.14.3 Special systems8.15 Lighting accessories8.16 Filters8.17 Polarizing filters8.18 Laser illuminationReferences and further reading
9 Exposure determination
9.1 Introduction9.2 Theoretical considerations9.3 Exposure value9.4 Light metering systems9.5 Film speed9.6 Exposure determination systems9.6.1 Exposure data9.6.2 Automatic exposure systems9.6.3 Metering techniques9.6.4 Exposure control by lighting9.7 Electronic imaging systemsReferences and further reading
10 Image recording systems
10.1 Introduction10.1.1 Recording medium10.1.2 Choice of medium10.2 Silver halide systems10.2.1 Introduction10.2.2 Properties10.2.3 Types of material10.2.4 Hard copy output10.3 Processing routines10.3.1 Wet processing10.3.2 Modified processing10.3.3 Laboratories and darkrooms10.4 Special treatments10.4.1 Introduction10.4.2 Hypersensitization10.5 Non-silver imaging systems10.5.1 Characteristics10.5.2 Hard copy systems10.6 Recording soft images10.6.1 The soft image10.6.2 Direct screen photography10.6.3 Film recorders and writers10.6.4 Direct film recorders10.6.5 The image plate10.6.6 Oscillography10.6.7 Direct writing10.7 Electronic imaging systems10.7.1 Image tube devices10.7.2 Raster scan systems10.7.3 Solid state arrays10.7.4 The digital image10.8 Time based media10.9 Transfer to another mediumReferences and further reading
11 Image processing, analysis and management
11.1 Introduction11.2 Visual image processing11.3 Photographic methods11.3.1 General11.3.2 Contrast filters11.3.3 Darkroom routines11.4 Masking11.4.1 Photographic masks11.4.2 Electronic masking11.5 Optical image processing11.5.1 Fourier transforms11.5.2 Coherent image processing11.5.3 The Fourier Transform plane11.5.4 Spatial filtering and masking11.6 Digital image processing11.6.1 Introduction11.6.2 Image calibration11.7 Image enhancement and restoration11.7.1 Point processing11.7.2 Group processing11.8 Geometric transformations11.9 Image analysis11.10 Image compression11.11 Image synthesis11.12 Image management11.12.1 Introduction11.12.2 Image archiving11.12.3 Digital image archivingReferences and further reading
12 Close-up photography and photomacrography
12.1 Introduction12.2 Optical performance12.2.1 Imaging requirements12.2.2 Optimum aperture12.3 Optical systems12.3.1 Focusing extension12.3.2 Extension tubes and bellows12.3.3 Close-up lenses12.4 Macro lens designs12.4.1 Macro lenses12.4.2 Medical macro lenses12.4.3 True macro lenses12.4.4 Other lenses12.5 Practical considerations12.6 Depth of field12.6.1 Calculations12.6.2 Special techniques12.7 Illumination and lighting12.8 Exposure considerationsReferences and further reading
13 Photomicrography
13.1 Optical microscopy13.1.1 Simple microscope13.1.2 Compound microscope13.2 Resolving power and magnification13.2.1 Abbe's theory of the microscope13.2.2 Useful magnification13.2.3 Magnification13.2.4 Depth of field13.2.5 Depth of focus13.3 Optical systems13.3.1 The objective lens13.3.2 Reflecting objectives13.3.3 Objectives for reflected incident light13.3.4 The eyepiece13.3.5 The substage condenser13.3.6 Calibration of the microscope13.4 The photomicroscope13.4.1 Camera systems13.4.2 Camera exposure in photomicroscopy13.4.3 Filters13.4.4 Specimen preparation13.5 Illumination systems13.5.1 Transillumination (bright field)13.5.2 Critical illumination13.5.3 Köhler illumination13.5.4 Dark field illumination13.5.6 Rheinberg illumination13.5.6 Reflected illumination13.6 Interference contrast microscopy13.6.1 Interference microscopes13.6.2 Phase contrast13.6.3 Differential interference contrast13.7 Polarized light microscopy13.8 Confocal microscopy13.9 Fluorescence microscopy13.10 Ultraviolet microscopy13.11 Infrared microscopy13.12 Electron microscopy13.12.1 Transmission electron microscope (TEM)13.12.2 Scanning electron microscope (SEM)13.13 X-ray microscopy13.14 Scanning probe microscopy13.15 Image enhancementReferences and further reading
14 Micro-imaging
14.1 Introduction14.2 Terminology and units14.3 Historical14.4 Resolving power14.5 Depth of focus14.6 Lenses for micro-imaging14.7 Microlithography14.8 Microdocumentation14.9 Digital micrographicsReferences and further reading
15 Photofabrication
15.1 Introduction15.2 Applications15.3 Advantages15.4 The photomaster15.5 Artwork preparation15.6 Camera techniques15.7 Illumination of the copyboard15.8 Process lens15.9 Accurate size images15.10 Photoresists15.11 Contemporary applicationsReferences and further reading
16 Stereoscopic (3D) photography
16.1 Visual perception of space16.2 Stereoscopic photography16.3 Orthostereoscopy16.4 Stereoscopic camera systems16.5 Stereoscopic cine camera systems16.6 Stereoscopic video systems16.7 Autostereoscopic systems16.8 Mounting stereograms16.9 Stereoscopic projection16.10 Stereoscopic viewing systems16.11 StereophotomicrographyReferences and further reading
17 Photogrammetry
17.1 Introduction17.2 Planimetric survey techniques17.3 Optical principles17.4 Monophotogrammetry: the geometry of a single photograph17.4.1 The datum plane17.4.2 Photoradiation17.4.3 Direction angles17.4.4 Tilt and rectification17.4.5 Radial distances17.4.6 Shadow lengths17.5 The geometry of two overlapping photographs17.5 Stereophotogrammetry: the geometry of a stereopair of images17.6 Lens distortion17.6.1 Types of distortion17.6.2 Calibrated focal length17.7 The metric camera17.8 Camera calibration17.9 Stereo plotters17.10 Errors and accuracy17.11 Non-topographic stereophotogrammetry17.12 Digital photogrammetry17.13 Perspective grid photography17.14 Moiré interferometry17.15 Orthophotography using telecentric optics17.16 Miscellaneous methods17.17 Computer assisted methodsReferences and further reading
18 Aerial photography
18.1 Introduction18.2 Types of aerial photography18.3 Aerial platforms18.4 Camera types and systems18.4.1 Camera systems18.4.2 Handheld cameras18.4.3 Mapping cameras18.4.4 Reconnaissance cameras18.4.5 Electronic imaging systems18.4.6 Small format aerial photography18.5 Optics and lenses18.5.1 Environmental optics18.5.2 Lenses18.5.3 System performance18.6 Resolution requirements18.6.1 System resolution18.6.2 Image motion compensation18.7 Recording systems18.7.1 Aerial film materials18.7.2 Exposure18.7.3 Film processing18.7.4 Electronic sensors18.8 Vertical aerial photography18.8.1 Photographic cover18.8.2 Imaging parameters18.8.3 Planimetric data18.8.4 Relief effects18.8.5 Measurement of parallax18.8.6 Orientation18.8.7 OrthophotosReferences and further reading
19 Remote sensing
19.1 Introduction19.1.1 Principles19.1.2 Applications19.2 Resolution19.2.1 Introduction19.2.2 Spatial resolution19.2.3 Spectral resolution19.2.4 Radiometric resolution19.3 Aerial platforms19.3.1 Aircraft19.3.2 Unmanned aerial vehicles19.4 Satellite systems19.4.1 Satellites19.4.2 Orbits19.4.3 Detection19.5 Photography and video systems19.6 Multispectral photography and imaging19.6.1 Spectral separation19.6.2 Camera systems19.6.3 Imagers19.6.4 Other systems19.7 Thermal imagers19.8 Microwave systems19.8.1 Principles19.8.2 Side looking airborne radar19.8.3 Synthetic aperture radar19.9 Laser systemsReferences and further reading
20 Infrared recording
20.1 Introduction20.2 Spectral properties20.2.1 Emission20.2.2 Transmission20.2.3 Reflection20.3 Infrared sources20.4 Infrared optics and lenses20.4.1 Refractive systems20.4.2 IR focus correction20.4.3 Reflective optics20.4.4 Filters20.5 Infrared sensitive materials and sensors20.5.1 Silver halide systems20.5.2 Electronic imaging20.6 LightingReferences and further reading
21 Imaging systems
21.1 Thermal imaging21.1.1 Introduction21.1.2 Infrared radiation21.1.3 Thermal detectors21.1.4 Thermal imagers21.1.5 Optical systems21.1.6 General applications21.1.7 Biomedical applications21.2 Computerized tomography21.2.1 Introduction21.2.2 Tomography21.3 Nuclear medicine21.4 Magnetic resonance imaging21.4.1 Principles21.4.2 Differentiation of tissues21.4.3 MRI scanner design21.4.4 Image slices21.5 Ultrasound imaging21.5.1 Introduction21.5.2 Scanning techniques21.6 Image reconstructionReferences and further reading
22 Ultraviolet recording
22.1 Introduction22.2 Spectral properties22.2.1 Biological effects22.2.2 Spectral transmission22.3 UV Filters22.4 Sources of UV22.5 Measurement of UV22.6 UV optics and lenses22.6.1 Spectral properties22.6.2 Achromatization22.6.3 Contemporary designs22.7 UV sensitive detectors22.7.1 Silver halide materials22.7.2 Other detectors22.8 UV reflectance recording22.9 UV fluorescence recording22.9.1 Fluorescence22.9.2 ApplicationsReferences and further reading
23 Radiography
23.1 Introduction23.2 Nature and origins23.3 Half-life of radiations23.4 Radiation hazards23.5 Short wavelength EM radiation23.6 Gamma rays23.7 X-rays23.8 X-rays – a chronology23.9 X-ray properties23.10 Geometry of radiography23.11 Radiographic exposure23.12 Fluoroscopy and fluorography23.13 Detection of X-rays23.14 Stereoradiography23.15 Microradiography23.16 Autoradiography23.17 Flash radiography23.18 X-ray optics23.19 Digital radiology23.20 Nuclear track recordingReferences and further reading
24 Photographic visualization
24.1 Introduction24.2 Shadowgraphs24.3 Time lapse recording24.3.1 Time relationships24.3.2 Time lapse cine24.3.3 Time lapse video24.3.4 Time lapse photography24.4 Study of motion24.4.1 Progress photography24.4.2 Time exposures24.4.3 Chronocyclography24.4.4 Stroboscopy24.5 Flow visualization24.5.1 Tracers24.5.2 Addition of energy24.5.3 Changes of density24.6 Schlieren systems24.6.1 Toepler schlieren methods24.6.2 Theoretical considerations24.6.3 Schlieren system variations24.7 Stress analysis24.7.1 Photoelastic systems24.7.2 Thermal systems24.8 Kirlian photographyReferences and further reading
25 High speed photography and photonics
25.1 Introduction25.1.1 Motion studies25.1.2 Early achievements25.2 Nature of the event25.2.1 Temporal sampling25.2.2 Type of record25.2.3 Exposure duration25.3 HSP with conventional equipment25.4 Equations of motion25.5 Synchronization and triggering25.6 High speed shutters25.7 Light and radiation sources25.7.1 Conventional sources25.7.2 Electronic flash25.7.3 Stroboscopes25.7.4 Spark sources25.7.5 The argon bomb source25.7.6 Arc and discharge sources25.7.7 Laser sources25.7.8 X-ray sources25.8 Streak photography25.9 Intermittent action cameras25.10 Rotating prism cameras25.11 Rotating mirror cameras25.12 Drum cameras25.13 Electro-optical systems25.13.1 Image tube cameras25.13.2 Streak operation25.13.3 Still video systems25.14 High speed video recording systems25.15 Film and video analysis25.16 Applications25.16.1 Ballistics and detonicsReferencesFurther reading
26 Surveillance systems
26.1 Introduction26.2 Identification systems26.3 Traffic surveillance26.4 Data transmission26.5 Time lapse systems26.6 Triggering systems26.7 Surveillance cameras26.8 Infrared surveillance26.9 Optical systems26.10 Specialist systemsReferences and further reading
27 Low light level imaging
27.1 Introduction27.2 Detective quantum efficiency27.3 Spectral and temporal considerations27.4 Light losses in imaging27.5 Photographic materials27.6 Low intensity reciprocity law failure27.7 Cine systems27.8 Video systems27.9 Image intensifier systems27.10 Image converters27.11 Micro-channel plate intensifiers27.12 Gated systems27.13 Photon counting imagers27.14 Cooled slow scan cameras27.15 Optical image couplingReferences and further reading
28 Telephotography
28.1 Introduction28.2 Imaging considerations28.2.1 Resolution28.2.2 Image stabilization28.2.3 Other factors28.3 Optical systems28.3.1 Dioptric lenses28.3.2 Teleconverters28.3.3 Catadioptric lenses28.4 Applications28.4.1 Optical tracking28.4.2 Long range oblique photographyReferences and further reading
29 Cavity and endoscopic systems
29.1 Introduction29.2 Cavity photography29.3 Ringlights29.4 Tubes and pipelines29.5 Periscopic systems (borescopes)29.6 Fibre optic endoscopes29.7 Light guides29.8 Electronic (video) endoscopy29.9 Stereoendoscopy29.10 The retinal cameraReferences and further reading
30 Underwater photography
30.1 Environmental considerations30.1.1 Introduction30.1.2 Refraction30.1.3 Absorption30.1.4 Turbidity30.2 Underwater optics30.2.1 Field of view30.2.2 Distortion30.3 Corrective optical systems30.3.1 Dome port30.3.2 Ivanoff corrector30.3.3 Retrofocus systems30.4 Water contact lenses30.5 Lighting30.6 Camera systems30.7 Underwater imaging systemsReferences and further reading
31 Panoramic photography
31.1 Introduction31.2 Wide angle camera systems31.3 Camera movements31.4 Rotation of camera31.5 Swing lens camera (short rotation)31.6 Rotating cameras31.7 Rotating prism cameras31.8 Anamorphic systems31.9 Digital methodsReferences and further reading
32 Peripheral photography
32.1 Introduction32.2 Practical systems32.3 Variations32.4 ApplicationsReferences and further reading
33 Fisheye lens photography
33.1 Imaging requirements33.2 Design development33.3 Design featuresReferences and further reading
34 Holography
34.1 Outline theory34.1.1 Wavefront reconstruction34.1.2 Mathematical outline34.1.3 Fringe patterns34.1.4 Hologram properties34.2 Holographic techniques34.2.1 Illumination system34.2.2 Recording requirements34.3 Applications of holographyReferences and further reading
Index

Content preview from Scientific Photography and Applied Imaging

Index

Abbe number (V), 37

Aberrations, 39–40, 163

Absorption, underwater, 510

Achromatic lenses, 39

Advanced Photographic System (APS), 68

Aerial image relay system, 182

Aerial photography, 300–22

aerial platforms, 302–5, 326, 329

camera systems, 305–8

electronic imaging systems, 307

handheld cameras, 305

mapping cameras, 305–6

reconnaissance cameras, 306–7

small format aerial photography, 307–8

lenses, 308–9

optics, 308

recording systems, 313–15

aerial film materials, 313

electronic sensors, 314–15

exposure, 313

film processing, 313–14

resolution requirements, 310–12

image motion compensation, 311–12

system resolution, 310–11

system performance, 309

types of, 300–1

vertical aerial photography, 300, 315–22

imaging parameters, 317–18

orientation, 321–2

orthophotos, ...

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Scientific Photography and Applied Imaging

by Sidney Ray

Index

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