Artificial Intelligence and Metaverse in Education

4Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Five-Year Overview of Research in Developing Countries

Maylia Fatmawati^*, Febrian Murti Dewanto, Bambang Agus Herlambang and Noora Qotrun Nada

Department of Informatics, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, Universitas Persatuan Guru Republik Indonesia Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia

Abstract

This study provides a five-year overview (2019–2024) of the development and application of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) in developing countries, covering 30 studies from India, Brazil, China, Oman, and other developing countries. Data were sourced from Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar and analyzed using VOSviewer. Results show a significant increase in ITS research, especially in 2021, driven by the demand for personalized learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Most ITS platforms in these regions utilize rule-based algorithms and Bayesian networks, with a trend toward machine learning for improved learner modeling. Challenges include limited Internet access, insufficient teacher training, and lack of localized content. Ethical issues, such as data privacy and algorithmic bias, are also noted. The study underscores the importance of international collaboration and inclusive ITS solutions to support educational technology development in developing regions.

Keywords: Intelligent tutoring systems, developing countries, educational technology, international collaboration, digital divide

4.1 Introduction

Education serves as the cornerstone ...