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calculations shown in the next section and then locates the rest of the nodes in
different layers according to their distance from the nodes on the top layer.
15.2.3.4 Modularity Structure
Unlike hierarchical structure, this structure has been studied in many different areas
under different names such as graph partitioning in graph theory and computer
science, and hierarchical clustering or community structure in sociology.
25,26
In
the context of complex networks, this structure is defined as groups of nodes,
called modules, that are densely interconnected within modules however few the
connections between the modules. This idea was formulated by Newman and
Girvan
27
and used to quantify the strength of modularity ...