Functional Materials and Advanced Manufacturing

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72 Characterization, Testing, Measurement, and Metrology

EG) at high volume fraction (e.g., ɸ = 4%). On the other hand, this difference is lower

(about 9% only) at small volume fraction such as, ɸ = 1%. In all the nanouids, only

a small amount (2%–10%) of h value is found to be increased with the increase in

volume fractions. Figure4.11b shows that by increasing volume fraction of nanopar-

ticles in base uid, pressure drop is hardly affected except an increase of about

3%–5% in water-based nanouids. Again, pressure drop in water-based nanouids

is quite higher (328%–364%) in comparison wi