October 2021
Intermediate to advanced
289 pages
8h 31m
Chinese
Content preview from 数据科学中的实用统计学(第2版)
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144
｜
第
4
章
本节关键术语
标准化残差
残差除以残差的标准误差。
离群点
与其他数据（或预测结果）相距甚远的记录（或结果值）。
强影响值
一个值或一条记录，是否有这个值或记录会在回归方程中造成很大的差异。
杠杆值
单条记录对回归方程的影响程度。
同义词
帽子值（
hat-value
）
非正态残差
非正态分布的残差可能会使回归中的某些技术需求无效，但通常不在数据科学的考
虑范围之内。
异方差
某些结果的残差具有更高的方差（可能说明回归方程中缺少了某个预测变量）。
偏残差图
一种用来诊断的统计图，表示结果变量和某个预测变量之间的关系。
同义词
变量添加图
4.6.1
离群点
一般说来，极端值也称为
离群点
，它是远离大多数其他观测的观测。正如在位置估计和变
异性估计中要处理异常值一样（参见
1.3
节和
1.4
节）
，在回归模型中，离群点也会带来
问题。在回归中，离群点是实际
y
值远离预测值的记录。可以通过
标准化残差
来发现离群
点，标准化残差就是残差除以残差的标准误差。
虽然没有统计理论去区分离群点和非离群点，但是关于某个观测距离大多数数据有多远才
能被视为离群点，有很多经验法则。例如，在箱线图中，离群点是那些距离箱体边界上方
和下方过远的数据点（参见
1.5.1
节）
，这里的“过远”是指“大于
1.5
倍四分位距”。在回
归中，一般使用标准化残差作为确定某个记录是否是离群点的度量。标准化残差可以解释
为“与回归线的距离是多少个标准误差”。
回归与预测
｜
145
使用所有邮政编码为
98105
的金县房屋销售数据拟合一个回归。
在
R
中：
house_98105 <- ...
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O’Reilly covers everything we've got, with content to help us build a world-class technology community, upgrade the capabilities and competencies of our teams, and improve overall team performance as well as their engagement.Julian F.
I wanted to learn C and C++, but it didn't click for me until I picked up an O'Reilly book. When I went on the O’Reilly platform, I was astonished to find all the books there, plus live events and sandboxes so you could play around with the technology.Addison B.
I’ve been on the O’Reilly platform for more than eight years. I use a couple of learning platforms, but I'm on O'Reilly more than anybody else. When you're there, you start learning. I'm never disappointed.Amir M.
I'm always learning. So when I got on to O'Reilly, I was like a kid in a candy store. There are playlists. There are answers. There's on-demand training. It's worth its weight in gold, in terms of what it allows me to do.