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数据科学中的实用统计学(第2版)
book

数据科学中的实用统计学(第2版)

by Peter Bruce, Andrew Bruce, Peter Gedeck
October 2021
Intermediate to advanced
289 pages
8h 31m
Chinese
Posts & Telecom Press
Content preview from 数据科学中的实用统计学(第2版)
回归与预测
121
回归释义
当分析师和研究人员使用“回归”这个词时,通常是指线性回归。线性回归
的重点通常是建立一个线性模型来解释预测变量与数值型结果变量之间的关
系。在正式的统计学意义中,回归还包括非线性模型,它可以得到预测变量
和结果变量之间的函数关系。在机器学习社区中,“回归”这个词有时候使
用得比较随意,它可以表示使用任意预测模型来生成数值型的预测结果(与
分类方法相对,分类预测的是二元结果或多个类别)。
4.1.4
 预测与解释
分析
历史上,回归的一种主要用途是阐明预测变量与结果变量之间假定的线性关系,它的目标
是理解这种关系并使用拟合回归的数据进行解释。于是,回归方程中斜率的估计值
ˆ
b
就成
了主要关注点。经济学家想知道消费者支出与
GDP
增长之间的关系,公共卫生官员想知
道一次公开的信息宣传能否有效地促进安全性行为。在这些情况下,重点不是预测个案,
而是搞清楚这些变量之间的总体关系。
随着大数据的出现,回归被广泛用于建立模型,以便为新数据预测结果(即预测性模型),
而不是对现有数据进行解释。在这种情况下,我们关注的主要是拟合值
ˆ
Y
。在营销领域,
可以使用回归来预测广告宣传规模与收入增长之间的关系。大学可以使用回归基于学生的
SAT
成绩来预测他的
G
PA
建立一个对数据拟合良好的回归模型,就可以根据
X
的变化得到
Y
的变化。但是,回归方
程本身不能说明因果关系的方向,关于因果关系的结论必须来自于对这种关系更广泛的理
解。举例来说,回归方程可能会展现出
We
b
广告点击量与转换数量之间存在某种确定性关
系,但让我们得出广告点击量提升了销量这一结论的是我们关于营销过程的知识,而不是 ...
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Publisher Resources

ISBN: 9787115569028