September 2013
Intermediate to advanced
264 pages
5h
Chinese
Content preview from Bad Data 技術手冊
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第十章：偏頗與錯誤的微妙來源
間區間到另一個時間區間之間的個人工資變更。另一種方式也可以推估反應變數的變更
值，這是一種當變異數較小時可以良好運作的策略。確切建立推估值的方式，可能導致
更強烈的平均值或是帶來其他的偏頗。
當初次使用一個資料集合時，你應該不只要熟悉資料結構以及可用變數，也還要知道調
查是如何進行的、誰是受訪者以及用來產生最終資料檔案的技術性方法。舉例來說，若
人們無法回答一個問題會發生什麼事情？訪問者會嘗試詢問後續問題，或是他們會快速
的移動到下一個問題？該調查是一對一的並且是由訪問者記錄受訪者，還是受訪者要自
行填寫一個表格？
你能夠使用以下數個方法來處理推估資料：
• 就這樣使用推估資料（如前所述，這樣在作縱向分析時會有問題）；
• 將可能是推估而來的資料，使用行政工資記錄資料來置換（然而，這對大多數的研
究者來說不是個可行的選項）；
• 重新調整資料的權重，讓其更好反映出全體的狀況，使用調查受訪者的樣本中未被
推估的反映變數；
• 丟棄推估的資料（也可能會造成結果偏頗，因為結果的樣本可能不具代表性）。
經濟學家使用許多方法處理推估資料。多數的研究在推估資料可被使用時便會使用，因
為它需要較少對資料的研究，而也能保持現存的樣本大小。然而，其他人仍會丟棄推估
的資料，特別是使用縱向資料的人。
6
對縱向分析（longitudinal analysis）來說，最好還是將推估資料丟棄，除非有對應的行
政資料可以替換。對於橫斷研究（cross-sectional analysis）而言 ...
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I'm always learning. So when I got on to O'Reilly, I was like a kid in a candy store. There are playlists. There are answers. There's on-demand training. It's worth its weight in gold, in terms of what it allows me to do.