September 2013
Intermediate to advanced
264 pages
5h
Chinese
Content preview from Bad Data 技術手冊
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第十章：偏頗與錯誤的微妙來源
代理回答
SIPP 與 CPS 都允許代理回答；也就是說，訪問可以藉由家庭的單一成員來提供所有其
他家庭成員的資訊。舉例來說，四人家庭的爸爸可以提供他自己的工資以及工作狀態，
也能夠提供他老婆的這些資訊以及小孩的教育程度。因為代理人可能不會知道每個家
庭成員的完整詳細資訊，這些回應可能會不正確或是有所遺漏（並且因此導致要推估
值）。若你的資料包含一個註記代理回報是否存在以及代理人為何的變數，那麼你便能
夠比較非代理回應與代理回應，來測試這類的回應是否造成你的預測偏頗。
樣本選擇
另一個可能發生的偏頗來源，就是調查的人的類型。有些研究者會質疑，現今所做的傳
統調查，對於比以往使用更多科技產品的人來說，是否提供了可靠的資訊。一個最近由
Pew Research Center 製作的報告指出，在傳統的電話訪問中，聯繫潛在調查受訪者並且
說服他們參與這件事，變得越來越困難。根據該報告，聯繫比率（有興趣參與調查的家
庭比率）從 1997 年的 90% 掉到 2012 年的 62%，而回應比率（選擇出符合參與訪問的
家庭比率）則從 36% 掉到 9%。重要的是，該報告作出以下結論：電話訪問（包括室內
電話以及手機）肩負將調查樣本匹配到人口結構的重任，以「持續提供在政治、社會以
及經濟議題上的準確資料」。然而，他們也發現，「接受調查的受訪者要比不願意參與的
人，有更顯著的傾向會積極參與社會活動」
17
。這對調查要準確測量志工或社會運動者
的行為的能力有嚴重的影響。再次說明，詢問關於你的資料的詳細問題是很重要的，包 ...
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I'm always learning. So when I got on to O'Reilly, I was like a kid in a candy store. There are playlists. There are answers. There's on-demand training. It's worth its weight in gold, in terms of what it allows me to do.