Chapter 9

 

* This should be the most general definition of a force of which the Newtonian definition is only a particular case.

* A self-acting machine is one which can work without any permanent change in the apparatus itself; in other words, the course of changes which it undergoes during an operation must be such that it can resume its original state without external aid and thus perform cycles, repeating its operations any number of times.

Chapter 10

 

*

 

image

 

or

 

image

 

Chapter 12

 

* Density of energy force per unit area so that pλ = 1/3λ

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