
G
Integration by parts:
ð
b
a
udv 5 ðuvÞj
b
a
2
ð
b
a
vdu
G
Trapezoidal rule:
ð
b
a
f ðxÞdx 5
b 2 a
2n
f ðx
0
Þ1 f ðx
n
Þ1 2
X
n21
i51
f ðx
i
Þ
"#
G
Simpson’s rule:
ð
b
a
f ðxÞdx 5
b 2 a
3n
f ðx
0
Þ1 4f ðx
1
Þ1 2f ðx
2
Þ1 4f ðx
3
Þ11 2f ðx
4
Þ1 ? 1 4f ðx
n21
Þ1 f ðx
n
Þ
½
where
x
i
5 a 1
b 2 a
n
I; I 5 0; 1; 2; ...; n
G
Area under a curve:
S 5
ð
b
a
f ðxÞdx 5 FðbÞ2 FðaÞ
where F
0
(x) 5 f(x).
G
Area between two curves:
S 5
ð
b
a
½f ðxÞ2 gðxÞdx 5 FðbÞ2 GðbÞ2 FðaÞ1 GðaÞ
where F
0
(x) 5 f(x), G
0
(x) 5 g(x).
5.15 Improper Integral
G
The definite integral
ð
b
a
f ðxÞdx is called an improper integral.
If a or b is infinite, f(x) has one or more points of discontinuity in the interval [a, b].
G
If f(x) is a continuous function on [a, N),