
Confidence interval for a mean (small samples): x 2 t
c
s
ffiffiffi
n
p
, μ ,
x 1 t
c
s
ffiffiffi
n
p
y
p
2 E , y , y
p
1 E, where y
p
is the predicted y value for x:
E 5 t
e
S
e
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 1
1
n
1
ðx2xÞ
2
SS
x
s
Confidence interval for a proportion (where np . 5 and nq . 5):
r
n
2 z
c
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ðr=nÞð1 2 ðr=nÞÞ
n
q
, p ,
r
n
2 z
c
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ðr=nÞð1 2 ðr=nÞÞ
n
q
6.19 Sample Size
Sample size for estimating means n 5
z
c
σ
E
2
.
Sample size for estimating proportions n 5 pð1 2 pÞ
z
c
E
2
with preliminar y esti-
mate of p.
n 5
1
4
z
c
E
2
with no preliminary estimate of p.
6.20 Regression and Correlation
SS
x
5
X
x
2
2
P
x
2
n
SS
y
5
X
y
2
2
P
y
2
n
SS
xy
5
X
xy 2
P
x
P
y
n
Least squares line
y 5