Appendix J
Random Intercept Model
(Sources: Cameron and Trivedi [1], Hsiao [2])
The random effects model can be written as
(J.1) 
or
(J.2) 
where 
. The variance–covariance matrix of 
is
(J.3) 
Its inverse is
(J.4) 
The individual-specific effects 
are assumed to be realizations of i.i.d. random variables with distribution 
and the error 
is i.i.d. 
. The model can be re-expressed as 
, where the error ...
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