
Computer
software
Because of these problems, much more formal specification
methods have been introduced, involving mathematical methods
of specifying what programs should achieve. The resulting
specifications look more like mathematical equations than English
sentences. These equations can then be tested for correctness using
mathematical proofs, before a single line of program code has been
written. This development has been coupled with the appearance of
new types of programming language which are not very far
removed from the language of the specification, so that it is a
relatively straightforward and error-free task to translate the