Exposure-Response Modeling

90 Exposure-Response Modeling: Methods and Practical Implementation

problems almost surely occur during simulations, leading to a considerable

number of nonconverged runs. The calculation of (4.52) is numerically very

stable and easy to perform. The large sample bias, to gether with the small

sample property assessment, provides useful information for the evaluation of

the SM approach.

We use the combination of the power model and the Emax model to illus-

trate this approach to bias eva luation. Consider the Emax model

y

i

= E

max

/(1 + EC

50

/c

∗

i

) + ε

i

(4.53)

with c

∗

i

given by an power model. For o ur purpose, we estimate c

∗

i

from the

predicted conditional