Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727) set forth a theory of optics in which light emissions consist of collections of corpuscles that propagate rectilinearly.
Pierre de Fermat (1601–1665) enunciated a rule, known as Fermat’s Principle, in which light rays travels along the path of least time relative to neighboring paths.
Light can be described as an electromagnetic wave phenomenon governed by the same theoretical principles that govern all other forms of electromagnetic radiation, such as radio waves and X-rays. This conception of light is called electromagnetic optics. Electromagnetic radiation propagates in the form of two mutually coupled vector waves, an electric-field wave and a magnetic-field wave. Nevertheless, it is possible to describe many optical phenomena using a simplified scalar wave theory in which light is described by a single scalar wavefunction. ...
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