Max Planck (1858–1947) suggested that the emission and absorption of light by matter takes the form of quanta of energy.
Albert Einstein (1879–1955) advanced the hypothesis that light itself comprises quanta of energy.
Electromagnetic optics, introduced in Chapter 5, provides the most complete treatment of light within the confines of classical optics. It encompasses wave optics, which in turn encompasses ray optics (Fig. 13.0-1). Though classical electromagnetic theory is capable of providing explanations for the preponderance of effects in optics, as attested to by the earlier chapters of this book, it nevertheless fails to account for certain optical phenomena. This failure, which became evident in about 1900, ultimately led to the formulation of a quantum electromagnetic theory known as quantum electrodynamics (QED). When applied to optical phenomena, ...
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