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Handbook on Mobile and Ubiquitous Computing: Status and Perspective
(Wertheimer, 1924) identified a number of foundational Gestalt principles for perceptual group-
ing, such as the principles of closure, common fate, continuation, proximity, and similarity. Koffka
(Koffa, 1935) studied three more principles for perceptual organization: the principles of figure–
ground, pragnanz, and simplicity. Over time, a number of other principles have been suggested.
Most work on the Gestalt principles has focused on visual perception (Chang and Nesbitt,
2006), and the principles are typically used to explain how users perceive the form of visual objects
(Table ...