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11
Forced Convection Heat
Transfer: Internal Flows
Forced convection internal ows have many engineering applications including
those in electronic thermal management. Examples are airow between two adjacent
cards of a rack-mount telecommunication or networking equipment, airow between
two closely spaced memory modules, airow inside a notebook, liquid ow between
tightly spaced ns of a cold plate, and water ow inside pipes of a heat exchanger.
Convection heat transfer in these ows will be discussed in detail in this chapter.
11.1 MEAN VELOCITY AND MEAN TEMPERATURE
External ows are usually characterized by a free-stream ve