In source transformation as discussed in Section 1.8.3, we shall use the equivalence of open-
circuit voltage and short-circuit current.
Independent andDependent Sources
The magnitude of an independent source does not depend upon the current in the circuit or volt-
age across any other element in the circuit. The magnitude of a dependent source gets changed
due to some other current or voltage in the circuit. An independent source is represented by a
circle, while a dependent source is represented by a diamond-shaped symbol. Dependent volt-
age sources are also called controlled sources.
There are four kinds of dependent sources: ...
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