Speaking of standards, in the United States the regional Bell operating companies
(RBOCs)—which are now called incumbent local exchange carriers (ILECs) or ”baby
Bells”—established a national ISDN initiative to foster end user equipment interoperabil-
ity. A presumption of this initiative is that any ISDN end equipment that is National ISDN-
compliant should be able to connect to any telco switch. The initiative’s first protocol,
National ISDN-1 (NI-1), was ratified in November, 1992 with a better than 80 percent
compatibility rate. (Some RBOCs opted not to upgrade to NI-1.) The goal of subsequent
protocols (e.g., ...
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