The vast amount of information stored in a database system is permanent
data. Information retrieval, knowledge recovery, and data mining are becom-
ing more important than ever in today’s business world. To retrieve informa-
tion from a database system, queries are used to specify datasets that meet
specific search criteria. In traditional database management systems, the que-
ries retrieve the data that satisfies crisp criteria. In some cases, this lack of
flexibility leads to an empty answer. In other cases, the results of queries may
not be a reflection of the abstraction of information stored ...
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