Taxonomy and Holistic Detection of Security Attacks in MANETs ◾ 13
◾ Delay: Detecting delay-related attacks can be performed using a main cir-
cumstance: verifying the existence of duplicated packets in the network with
a substantial temporal lag between them. However, how does one determine
this temporal lag? For that, we can monitor and trace every packet around the
network to detect its subsequent retransmissions.
A more plausible option, however, is to use timestamps in communications
to facilitate verifying the accomplishment of the implemented protocols and
services.
◾ Dropping: Malicious packet discarding can be detected using some facts,
including a deficient rate in packet retransmissions by a node (i.e., forwarded
packets versus ...