
Wireless-Based Application-Layer Cross-Layer Design ◾ 457
message input length (of less than 2
64
–1 bits or less than 2 billion GB) and produce
160 bit (fixed length) hash codes [29].
e newer family of SHA (SHA-2) has been developed since 2001, such as
SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, and SHA-512. e development of SHA-3 family
has not yet been finalized by NIST as of March 2013 [29].
SHA-0 is considered to be the least computationally intensive, thus the weakest
of all SHA family and it was eventually proven to be broken in 2004. SHA-1 was
considered secure till 2010 [29]. Table 17.1 shows the security strengths of SHA-0
and SHA-1.
17.3.5.2 Digital Signat ...