
34 ◾ Security for Multihop Wireless Networks
2.5.2.1 Solutions Based on Cryptography
Solutions based on cryptography are often used against external attackers. Some
approaches are based on cryptographic hashes strings for authentication. is
is the case of “SEAD” [21], a proactive routing protocol based on DSDV that
protects against attacks by changing the sequence number and the number of
hops in the update messages. e same authors also propose an extension to
DSR called “ARIADNE” [22]. is solution provides an authentication point-
to-point routing messages using the hash function secret key (hash-based mes-
sage authentication code [HMAC