January 2015
Beginner to intermediate
628 pages
13h 33m
Japanese
Content preview from 統計クイックリファレンス 第2版
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374
15 章 医療統計および疫学統計
寄与リスクパーセント（
attributable risk percentage
、
AR%
）は、病因分画（
etiologic
fraction
）とも呼ばれるが、暴露人口における、暴露に帰着されて、暴露を取り除くことによっ
て防げたであろう症例の割合である。我々の例では、式
15-25
に示すように計算される。
式
15-25
寄与リスクパーセントの計算
これを、暴露群の症例の
58.0%
が暴露によるというように解釈する。
AR%
は、式
15-26
のように
RR
を用いて計算することもできる。
式
15-26
リスク比を用いて寄与リスクパーセントを計算する
治療必要数（
number needed to treat
、
NNT
）は、人口中において症例数（病気に罹って
いる人）を
1
つ減らすために（標準的な治療や偽薬ではなくて）特別な治療、あるいは、暴
露排除を必要とする患者数である。
NNT
は、新治療による期待利得を視野に置くために有
用であり、寄与リスク（
AR
）を用いて次のように計算する。
NNT
＝
1/AR
我々の例では、
AR
は
0.131
だった。したがって
NNT
は
NNT
＝
1/0.131
＝
7.6
となる。
NNT
は通常、次の整数に切り上げられる（小数部に対応する患者はない）。この場合、母
集団で
II
型糖尿病の患者を
1
人減らすためには、
8
人が高脂肪食を止める必要がある、という。
15.6
オッズ比
オッズ比は、珍しいものであったり、進行がゆっくりで、通常の予測試験では実際的
ではないような病気のために疫学で開発された方法論である ...
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