
326 ◾ Software Designers in Action: A Human-Centric Look at Design Work
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2007; Schummer etal. 2009; Maeda 2006). e second is modularity (Baldwin and Clark
2000; van der Hoek and Lopez 2011), which is related to an economic objective, lowering
the cost of development. ese criteria are important because they can be used as proxies
for other criteria. For example, it may be hard to assess the usability of an interface before
building and testing it, but it may be relatively easy to assess the simplicity of an interface,
and so a designer may, over time, bias toward simple interfaces as a result of exp