610 Selected Applications
13.4.1. Measurement of the Carrier to Envelope
Offset (CEO)
We will first describe the most commonly applied techniques to measure the
CEO based on “f to 2f interferometry.” We will then introduce a technique to
produce the required octave-spanning spectrum using continuum generation in
special fibers.
13.4.1.1. f to 2f Interferometry
This is a self-referencing method, in which a mode from the high frequency
part of the spectrum (mode number m
h
) is made to interfere with a fre-
quency doubled mode from the low frequency portion of the spectrum
(mode number m
l
) [94]. The lowest component of the beat note spectrum
v =|2(f
0
+ m
l
) − (f
0
+ m
h
)|=|f
0
+ (2m
l
− m
h
)| (13.21)
is the CEO f
0
.
An experimental setup of this self-referencing technique ...