Applying UML and Patterns: An Introduction to Object-Oriented Analysis and Design and the Unified Process, Second Edition
by Craig Larman
27.7. Qualified Associations
A qualifier may be used in an association; it distinguishes the set of objects at the far end of the association based on the qualifier value. An association with a qualifier is a qualified association.
For example, ProductSpecifications may be distinguished in a ProductCatalog by their itemID, as illustrated in Figure 27.14 (b). As contrasted in Figure 27.14 (a) vs. (b), qualification reduces the multiplicity at the far end from the qualifier, usually down from many to one. Depicting a qualifier in a domain model communicates how, in the domain, things of one class are distinguished in relation to another class. They should not, in the domain model, be used to express design decisions about lookup keys, although ...
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