
126 Chapter 2 CPUs
countermeasures Countermeasures have been developed for power attacks. Yang et al.
[Yan05] used dynamic voltage and frequency scaling to mask operations in pro-
cessors, as shown in Figure 2-44. They showed that proper design of a DVFS
schedule can make it substantially more difficult for attackers to determine
internal states from the processor power consumption. The figure compares
traces without dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (a and c) and traces with
DVFS-based protection (b and d).
CPU simulators are essential to computer system design. CPU architects use
simulators to evaluate processor designs before they are built. ...