
Integrating the Organization ◾ 247
must be updated whenever data structures or formats change. Such changes usually coin-
cide with soware upgrades, though a soware upgrade does not necessarily change data
structures.
Middleware can be push or pull:
• With the push approach, on the le in Figure 7.13, changes to one database are pushed
out to other places as they happen. e drawback of pushing is wasted eort: new
data might never be used before being replaced by another update. However, when
the other application needs data, it’s right there and up to date.
• With the pull approach, data are moved when needed. is is more ecient. Many ...