
392 ◾ Information Systems: What Every Business Student Needs to Know
Once users have been trained, the entire system has been converted, and the refreezing
stage of change management is complete, implementation is over.
Deliverable: A system that its user community can use in its work. e stage review that
follows this stage conrms that implementation was successful.
Where you t in: Technical professionals in charge of conversion may consider only techni-
cal risks. This may lead them to approaches such as pilot and pilot–phased conversion, which
reduce technical risk but increase organizational risk. One must balance both types of risk in ...